LBJ and the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

Thus far the Vietnam War has shown to be a highly complex situation. Many of times, I have found myself agreeing with Lyndon B. Johns decisions to increase the cont final stage. First and foremost, the United States had made a promise of freedom and tranquility to the people (whom were not part of Viet-Cong) of Vietnam. As an the Statesn, it is my opinion that the United States had to uphold its word, basically its credibility. Secondly, withdrawing troops from Vietnam when the situation was really out of control would make the United States appear weak. In midst of the Cold War, the one thing that was not issue to prove true was that the United States was weak. Although these reasons were and are valid, the anti-war movement in conjunction with the Tet offensive required President Johnson to make a decision that changed the perception of the war he chose to call a halt on the bombardment in Vietnam. The purpose of this essay is to further analyze how the continuing anti-war mov ement and the Tet Offensive were the reasons that Americas fate was effectively sealed by mid-1968.The antiwarriors that have been described in Melvin Smalls book have shown to be relent slight. They were fighting for a just cause, or at least it was a just cause in their opinion. They were able to organize and rally others to join in their quest to end the violence that was occurring in Vietnam. Between 1967 and 1968, however, a new phenomenon was occurring, the age of the hipsters. Small mentions, For many Americans by 1967, antiwar demonstrators were not only unruly and potentially violent save hippiesserious politically oriented activists became easily conflated with hippies to the detriment of their cause. (Small, 81) This unexpected result of the antiwar movement definitely did put a damper on the cause because hippies were perceived as these pot-smoking, disrespectful, unappreciative bunch of kids who had no idea what they were talking about because they were high all the t ime. This proved to be untrue. The hippies were just as much as a centrifugal as the other activists, and this was evident in the rally held at the Pentagon.Although only 75,000 or less activists were there, the event that occurred at the Pentagon was one of the underlying reasons LBJ had decided to end the bombing in Vietnam. What made this event stand out from the rest is that is was one of the largest, and nonetheless, it occurred at the center of American citizens center of their war-making machine which presented a powerful image of a nation in turmoil.

Rosalind Franklin Essay -- Biography Chemists Essays

Rosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one mustiness give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the instruction for todays generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great preserve on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of basketball team children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklins were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her familys wealth. As a child, she never matt-up like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993).Rosalind attended St. Pauls Girls School in London. Here she had superior training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she roughly didnt make it. Rosalinds father did not think that women should attend university and refused to give for her education. Luckily, Rosalinds mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalinds father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by women paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to puzzle like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a gunpoint in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalinds data, but this is close to science as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an closed book to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today.Works CitedAccess Excellence. 1999. http//www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.htmlBernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. fresh York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163.McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332.North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http//www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html.World Book. 2001. http//www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html. Rosalind Franklin test -- Biography Chemists EssaysRosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one must give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the way for todays generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great impact on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of five children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklins were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her familys wealth. As a child, she never felt like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993).Rosalind attended St. Pauls Girls School in London. Here she had excellent training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she almost didnt make it. Rosalinds father did not think that women should attend university and refused to pay for her education. Luckily, Rosalinds mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalinds father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by wo men paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to become like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a degree in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalinds data, but this is close to recognition as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an enigma to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today.Works CitedAccess Excellence. 1999. http//www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.htmlBernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. New York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163.McGrayne, Sharon B ertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332.North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http//www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html.World Book. 2001. http//www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html.

The Theme of Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The theme of prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird is much more than just a case of morose and white. The entire novel is about prejudice in its many forms, the virtually prominent case of prejudice is the hate between the blacks and whites. The wholly town of Maycomb is based on stereotypes of its inhabitants, that are passed down from generation to generation. Rumors run rampid and very little truth is usually in them. So Jem received most of his information from Miss Stephanie Crawford, a neighbor scold, she said she knew the whole thing. According to Miss Stephanie, Boo was sitting in the livingroom cutting some items from The Maycomb Tribune to paste in his scrapbook. His father entered the room. As Mr.Radley passed by, Boo drove the scissors into his parents leg, pulled them out, wiped them on his pants, and resumed his activities. (Chapter 1, page 11) I dont see how you cant expect to have prejudice in a trivial town like that, after all isolation is a ma jor factor in why prejudice and racism arise. Men hate severally other because they fear to each one other, and they fear each other because they dont know each other, and they dont know each other because they are often separated from each other. -Martin Luther King The stereotypes in this novel are fairly common but the fact that they are accepted and used so openly in commonplace is what astonishes me. I think people in the community, even if they do disagree with what is existence said or done, they will say or do postal code because they are afraid of going against the majority of the community and become a victim of prejudice themselves. Atticus was one of the few who actually stopped and listened to himself without being biased by the views and opinions of the rest of the town. He then had the courage to stand up and take prejudice himself for trying to correct the prejudice against a black man, and prove his innocence. Scout, you arent old enough to understand some things yet, but theres been some high talk around town to the effect that I

Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay example -- Film Movie

Like Water For ChocolateThe film, Like Water for Chocolate, represents a story through incorporating the idea of victuals as feelings and expressing the womans roles during the Mexican Revolution. The film is a romantic-comedy showing many joking ways of hard times and soft issues and the way of life. The virtually striking and theme seems to be how women seem to be in charge rather then males during this time period, I thought that men were more seeming to be the head of the household and in charge.Throughout the film, the main overall theme is that a woman had an illegitimate daughter with someone while she was married, her save left her, and she was alone with three girls and the youngest, Tita, was to never marry because she was to discipline cargon of her find until the day she died. As Tita grew her and a boy, Pedro, fell in love, but her mother would not allow her to marry, and instead, he married her sister, Rosura, to be close to her. Pedro and Rosura had their last ch ild and Rosura vowed she would not be able to marry because she too, like Tita, would have to take care of her until the day she died. Tita very much hated this idea, as she hated how her mother controlled her and forbade her to not marry her only love, as seen at the end when Rosura dies, Pedro and Tita are now able to get married at last. This silly tradition of the youngest girl taking care of her mother shows the power of family traditions and most likely, a Latin American tradition. The mother was ...

Motivation Theories And Techniques A Manager Can Incorporate In An Orga

Motivation Theories And Techniques A Manager Can Incorporate In An Organization Introduction Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is thus far the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is tangible or not it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. in that location are many theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theory are studied and practiced by theorist and companies to sum up productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the pick of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definitio n provided. solely major motivation theory along with the method to successfully motivate your employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may take to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Auth, 1999).Content Theories Content theories of motivation focus on this question What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and per... ...es Accel Team. (1999) Team productiveness Improving Resources. Web 15 April 2015http//westrek.hypermart.net Auth, M. (1999) Lecture on Motivation- 2/24/99 & 3/1/99. Carson CSUDHCook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to Motivating People. juve nile York Alpha passwordGreenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey Prentice HallLearning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Web 15 April 2015www.emporio.eduNelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York Workman PublishingNorwood, G (1999). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Web 15 April 2015www.conect.net/georgens/maslow.htmPepitone, J. &Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York McGraw HillSpitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York AMACON.Wheaton & Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison Wesley Inc

Motivation Theories And Techniques A Manager Can Incorporate In An Orga

Motivation Theories And Techniques A Manager Can Incorporate In An Organization Introduction Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is plain or not it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. thither are mevery theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theory are studied and practiced by theorist and companies to increase productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining way towards a goal. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the in demand(p) outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definition provid ed. All major motivation theory along with the method to successfully make your employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Auth, 1999).Content Theories Content theories of motivation focus on this question What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and per... ...es Accel Team. (1999) Team Productivity Improving Resources. Web 15 April 2015http//westrek.hypermart.net Auth, M. (1999) Lecture on Motivation- 2/24/99 & 3/1/99. Carson CSUDHCook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to cause People. New York Alpha BookGreenb erg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey Prentice student residenceLearning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Web 15 April 2015www.emporio.eduNelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York Workman PublishingNorwood, G (1999). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Web 15 April 2015www.conect.net/georgens/maslow.htmPepitone, J. &Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York McGraw HillSpitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York AMACON.Wheaton & Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison Wesley Inc

Crew Resource Management Essay

Military flying differs considerably from commercial aviation due to the special circumstances and restrictions involved. Military discipline revolves around sing obedience whereas CRM aims to foster a socialisation with encouraging the freedom to respectfully question authority. The primary goal of CRM is enhanced situational aw atomic number 18ness, self awareness, leadership, assertiveness, decision making, flexibility, adaptability, event/ care analysis and communication. It recognizes that a discrepancy between what is happening and what should be happening is often the send-off indicator that an error is occurring. The complexity of army aviation purlieu demands a foundation of solid fashionmanship and a healthy, positive approach to combating errors.AimTo learn about the importance of CRM vis--vis armed forces aviationCRM DefinitionCRM keister be defined as a management system which makes optimum habit of all available resources equipment, procedures and people to promote safety and enhance the skill of flight operations.CRM OverviewCrew (or Cockpit) resource Management procreation originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. The NASA research at that small-arm found the primary cause of the majority of aviation accidents to be human error, and further showed the main problems to be failures of interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit. Cockpit mental imagery Management (CRM) has gained increased attention from the airline industry in recent years due to the growing number of accidents and near misses in airline traffic. Cockpit Resource Management is a far-reaching discussion of crew coordination, communication, and resources from both within and without the cockpit.CRM concepts have endured by not only integrating themselves into the fabric of training, but also expanding the police squad concept, evolving into new applications, and possibly most important to the ori ginal operators, inspiring development and integration of CRM into safety and quality assurance goals at the corporate level. A transmutation of CRM models have been successfully adapted to distinguishable types of industries and organizations, all based on the same basic concepts and principles. Crew Resource Management still continues to focus on CRM in the cockpit, but also emphasizes that the concepts and training applications provide generic guidance and lessons learned for a wide variety of crews in the aviation system as well as in the complex and high-risk operations of many non-aviation settings.Characteristics Military AviationThe army is a non-homogenous organization. Throughout military aviation in that location are variations in the type of aircraft, missions performed, number of crew, automation levels and much more than. Military flyers are by nature rule based i.e they are bound by policies, procedures and regulations that are often complex and overlapping from multiple origins. Therefore there are four principle characteristics that entail the reason for variety in military CRM training.1. The ManCivilian pilots are highly experienced in terms of flying hours contrary to the military pilots who are motivated and smart but mustiness account for this large difference in experience. In commercial aviation, most pilots are hired on to airlines after they have discoverd significant aviation milestones. In military flying, the pilots are cadets or young officers with almost no flying experience at all. They gain experience and proficiency on job. There are a large number of senior pilots and aircrew who garner substantial experience in their career.Another important factor is the age difference. In comparison, military pilots are exposed to demanding situations at an earlier age and do not have the liberty to make decisions based on experience. The rank and experience gradient causes pilots and aircrew to move away for career progression du ties other than flying. The learning styles, attributed to age, also differ from commercial aviation.2. The MachineThe complexity of the machines operated by the military pilots is some other factor in the training equation. A modern military aircraft requires that an aircrew member often make split second decisions regarding weapons and other automated systems. some(prenominal) incidents have resulted in inadvertent weapon release, even resulting in the unintentional shooting down of a friendly aircraft. Military CRM must place special emphasis on man/machine interface.3. The MissionMilitary machines have multidimensional roles. They range from super-sonic fighters in high skies to anti-submarine operations dipping helicopter sonar into the sea. From air assault and combat teams skimming the earths surface to anti-ship missile firings, military aviation missions are diverse. At the same time, military aviators apply different set of rules to different missions such as higher HQ missions, ORIs, check rides, standard training missions, and ofcourse combat. This often creates a level of urgency in the operators sense about the set of rules to be followed for flying each day. CRM not only tackles this dilemma, it creates a cultural approach towards safety and operational efficiency.4. The EnvironmentThe military is a fertile ground for hazardous attitudes to manifest themselves in young and aggressive aviators. Its only through effective CRM training that these aircrew members are shaped into safer and more effective aviators. Airline flight crews battle the environment, with safety the paramount concern. In contrast, in addition to the environment, the military aircrews must also engage a tricksy human enemy, armed with missiles and guns, who knows the fight is coming and constantly changes the rules. The relative importance of the mission must therefore be factored into the military CRM equation. Decision making by a young crew member in a combat environme nt, strapped inside a complex piece of military hardware while pursue a clever human enemy, is different than airline instructions. Therefore, training must be different and requires well deliberated modules in line with CRM practices.Ideology of Military CRM trainingThe concepts which underpin CRM are not new rather they are an attempt to distil old axioms into a more coherent management style crossways the flight regime. Safe and efficient military flight operations depend for their success not merely on the acquisition of sound technical experience and skills but also on the mastery by aircrew of the cognitive and interpersonal skills which form the basis of good CRM. Cognitive skills not only book for the development and maintenance of good situational awareness but also underpin high quality problem solving and decision making techniques. In addition, interpersonal skills, which depend for their effectiveness on good communications, encourage the creation of synergy and th e development of successful teamwork. Both cognitive and interpersonal skills are enhanced by a good emotional climate amongst the crew, but they are also easily degraded by tension, so management of the emotional climate and stress becomes an integral and important element of good CRM.CRM is not, therefore, merely an abstract management concept it embraces principles and proficiency which, if combined with a high degree of technical knowledge and skill, will enable the crew to make best use of all available resources to achieve optimum efficiency in the conduct of operations while at the same time maximising the safety of the flight.Organizational benefits of military CRM effortsThere are many prominent organizational benefits that have been realized from the military CRM efforts. Some of these are as follows1. Improved mission effectiveness2. Improved aircrew-maintenance co-ordination and co-operation3. Improved morale4. Improved training efficiency5. Better care and use of valua ble hardwareConclusionCRM evolved as a program concern with only emphasizing on changing individual styles and correcting deficiencial behaviour in the first generation, to the second generation with more core skills like decision-making. The term cockpit was changed to crew at this point of era as they realised that other aviation residential district require CRM training as well. The third generation has major development such as including human factors concepts into its program. The fourth generation integrated organizational culture into its context. Till today, the fifth generation of CRM training is still evolving and consistently monitored for any changes to improve in safety. CRM training now shifted its focus to limitation of human accomplishment as compared to the first generation which is psychological in nature.The prime focus of military CRM is on the quality of judgement rather than the quality of skills. CRM is not and neer will be the only mechanism to eliminate e rror and assure safety in a high risk endeavor such as aviation. Error is an inevitable result of the natural limitations of human performance and the function of complex systems. CRM is one of an array of tools that organizations can use to manage error and achieve objectives by prioritizing CRM practice foremost i.e at the tip of the organizational spear.

Zara Supply Chain China

Case Study and Exercises Exercise 1 We were given the formula of distance , where D remoteness from location L ( distribution center) to location I (consumption point) X coordinate of the w arhouse l (distribution) X coordinate of the store i (consumption) Y coordinate of the warehouse l (distribution) Y coordinate of the store i (consumption). Consequently, applying these formula in the Excel we receive the following result Then, multiplying the distance by the amount of select and summing up for each(prenominal) relevant location, we get Thus, the answer is LOCAY, because it has the minimal score. Exercise 2Using provided formulas , where X coordinate of the optimal location for warehouse Y coordinate of the optimal location X coordinate of store i Y coordinate of store i Load (or Demand) of the store i, we get And lastly The answer is (811). Zaras Case Study Company Profile Zara is one of the largest international fashion companies with 1671 stores around the globe. I t is a part of Inditex holding. Inditex is one of the worlds largest fashion retailers, welcoming storagepers at its eight store formats -Zara, Pull & Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterque boasting 5. 93 stores in 85 markets www. inditex. com, www. zara. com. In 1975 the first Zara shop was founded in Spain. In 1976-1984 In-Spain expansion takes place. In 1988 it enters Portuguese market. Followed by US and France, it quickly becomes world-brand and until 2006 it had 52 countries which held retail operations of the caller. Zara concentrates on the three principles to satisfy the customer http//ru. scribd. com/doc/27372254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara Short lead judgment of conviction which results in more fashionable clothes Lower quantities scarce supply More styles, which create a greater possibility of attracting essential customers. )Zaras designing dish out organized in a way such that the stores, which actually interact with the cust omers, communicate to the head office in Spain the needs of the customers and the trends in fashion clothes. Thus, devising it possible for the company to react to market changes in spite of appearance 30 days http//thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf, which makes Zara unreachable for the same-size competitors. 2) Reducing the number of clothes manufactured in each style creates the scarcity which is applicable to fashion clothes. The less it is available, the more desirable it becomes. As a result, Zara discounts only approx. 0% of its convergences. 3) The stores are supplied with new merchandise twice a week, thus making them seem new every 3-4 days. On average, Zara creates around 11,500 styles per year http//thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf http//www. slideshare. net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928btnNext. Moreover, most of the action facilities are placed in Spain, near the headquarters, so that the company has more control o ver the operations, producing and distributing. Zaras characteristics of vertical supply chain Zara is a vertically integrated retailer. Unlike identical apparel retailers,Zara controls most ofthe steps on the supply-chain It designs, produces, and distributes itself. The business system that had resulted was particularly distinctive in that Zara manufactured its most fashion-sensitive products internally. Zara did not produce classics, clothes that would forever be in-style. In fact, the company intended its clothes to have fairly short life spans, both within-stores and in customers closets. Retailers like the American chain respite and the Swedish retailerHennes Mauritz completely outsource their production to factories around the world and mostly to low cost Asian countries.In contrast, it is estimated that 76 percent of Zaras production is carried out in Europe which is within the small radius of its headquarters in Spain. In fact, almost half of its production is in owned or closely-controlled facilities. Another 24% are produced in Asian region http//www. slideshare. net/anusaj/zara-pptbtnNext While this gives a tremendous amount of flexibility, it does contend with higher people be that of up to 19 times as much as Asian ones. The group also owns capital intensive facilities in Spain, which can do discolour and processing of the fabric as well as cutting and garment finishing.Provided that, Inditex has an ability to adjust to the new trend or demand in a very short time. Overall Supply Chain is can be described as follows Collect the info from retailing points. At least both times per week the sailing points should someway conduct the information to the headquarters in Spain, providing information for the groups in charge to develop and decide on the wander of clothes which will be demanded by the customers in the observed future. This work is done by approx. 200 people, which develop up to 1,000 styles per month http//ru. scribd. om/doc/273 72254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara The information is also received via sales reports from retail points. Thus it can be claimed, that Zara has invested a lot into IT, to make the up-to-date information flow possible. Decide on the needed clothes, distinguish trends. After depicting and sketching appropriate merchandise for the stores, they send the order to facilities, which are located near the head office. Moreover, it should be said that Zara somehow lowers its risks by purchasing uncolored fabric or even raw materials, thus making enhancing flexibility.The process organized in such way, that final product may be even painted on demand. However, only cutting of material is done within the company. Actual sewing is done by workshops, which are mostly located in Spain or Portugal. None of the workshops belongs to Zara. The company provides them with instructions how to do the work for its own needs. Zara being vertically integrated has its own distribution network, which allows the company to further control physical flow. Since the time has a great value for Zara, the newly produced merchandise arrives to the stores within 48 hours. http//ru. cribd. com/doc/27372254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara An esteem of time, needed to pass from development of the product to actual shipping is around 7-10 days. http//thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf Zaras development in China First Zaras store was opened in Shanghai, in February 2006, and during the first day store has managed to generate 800,000 RMB of revenue. Within a year Zara opened 12 new stores across China, and accorfding to the latest data (31st of July) its chain had 114 stores within China (out of 355 operating in Asian region) http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Zara_%28retailer%29Stores in over 40 cities, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenyang and other. http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-09/06/content_15737684. htm During 2011 Beijing Consumer Association was checking the qu ality of Zaras product. The result was that they accused company of selling lower quality products on chineese market. http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2011-04/26/content_12396211. htm. However, the company doesnt seem to be damaged no apologizes nor compensations followed. .On 5th of September, 2012 Zara opened its on-line shop in China.

Are Economic Policies of India Better Than That of China, Japan or Usa? Essay

Are economical policies of India better than that of China, japan or regular army? When we talk about the economic insurance policy, regular army and China forms the two extreme ends of a curve. USA has a free and liberal market where government interference is negligible and believes that market forces will append to all needs of people in optimum quantity and price, as per Adam Smiths theory. While, couple of decades ago China was a regular communist country. Though now, it has liberalized market, government has significant say and control over each and e very(prenominal) activity. In com compareison, India has balanced market where government interferes when needed.This kind of policy is way better than that of USA and China as it takes care of people along with market. Also, it stops the companies if they indulge into cartel or monopoly. Economic policy of a country consists of mainly two policies viz. a) Fiscal Policy is determined by government and decides government ex penditures, taxes, and debt. It is long term in nature and determines the feeler path of economy. b) Monetary Policy is generally determined by central bank of that country and uses instruments like Repo Rates and OMOs to control liquidity. It is short term in nature and used for controlling vital market evaluate. Fiscal Policy of USATill date the driver of US economy was high bully expenditure and Exports. However, after 2008 crisis there had been bloodline in exports. Also, there was cut in tax rate till 31st December 2012, tax rate cannot be increased as it might trigger recession. So due to increase in government borrowing, Fiscal deficit for the division 2007-08 was increased to 5.3% of the GDP. forwards 2008 crisis fiscal deficit was controllable on account of revenue earned by capital expenditure and export in the economy. However, after crisis there has been very low investment in the economy of the country with very high Fiscal Deficit. Fiscal deficit for the year 20 11-12 was 8.7 percent of GDP. Fiscal Policy of JapanJapanese economy, of $ 5.86 trillion is third largest in the world, suffers from very high government debt. It has debt/GDP to ratio of 229.77% for the year 2010-11 which is very high with a debt of $13.64 trillion. Although, there had been attempts to sign up public debts by fiscal consolidation but they have never succeeded yet and debt continued to increase. Further, Japanese economy is under recession due to fall in its currency which had hit its exports. Also, the biggest markets for Japan exports are UK and US which had been hit by global slow great deal. Fiscal Policy of ChinaChina is the worlds second largest economy GDP of $ 8.20 trillion with growth rate of 7.8%. Chinese fiscal policy has been based mostly on manufacturing and exports but there is very low domestic consumption. Government spend highly in infrastructure and other capital expenditure projects to boost economy, But some of them failed due to deprivation of demand and results in Ghost cities. Being an export driven economy, it got affected by global slowdown as it depends highly on demand from western sandwich countries. Fiscal policy of IndiaIn contrast, Indian direct tax rates are stable. Budget outlay by government has been increased from Rs.4.16 lacs crores for the year 2008-09 to Rs.5.92 lacs crores for the year 2011-12 which is very high considering that post 2008 world was suffering from crises. Indian Fiscal policies are changing in conformity with the current global requirement FDI in retail, Aviation, Reforms in banking sector, proposing GST. Although, fiscal deficit of India is very high currently targeted at 5.3% of the GDP for the year 2012-13, fiscal consolidation measures have been planned to bring it down to 3% of the GDP for the year 2014-15. Following graphs show the trend in GDP and Fiscal deficit of different economies and how India is faring way better than with its economic policies.graphical record 1 GDP growth Rates(in %) Data worldbank.orgGraph 2 Fiscal deficits (% of GDP) Data worldbank.org Monetary PolicyCurrently the interest rate in USA is kept at 0.25 percent by Federal Reserve. Similarly in Japan, Bank of Japan is keeping the interest rate at 0 percent. this instant as you can see twain economies are developed one, but bank rates are lowered to minimum extent, hence they cant be lowered more. So according to Keynesian theory these economies are in liquidity trap. Liquidity trap is a condition in which lower rates do not inspire borrowing for investments etc. Here by getting trapped in liquidity trap both countries lose one of the main weapons to fight against the recession and inflation. Now coming to developing countries like China and India. In China current interest rates is at 6%.Rates are controlled by The Peoples Bank of China. Similarly in India interest rate is averaged at 6.55 percent for uttermost(a) decade, now standing at 7.50 percent. As Reserve Bank of India(RBI) has a sufficient cushion to work on, RBI used it very well origin to increase liquidity by lowering it to 4.25% in Jan 2010 and then to curb inflation in later part of 2011 and early part of 2012 by increase it to more than 8 percent.Clearly, India is using its economic tools efficiently and scores way above USA and Japan and if not above then at par with China. Though India has smaller economy than that of USA, Japan and China, it is more people oriented. Even if China is growing faster than India, youve to take into account the democracy in India twin rule of communist party in China. It is performing well, by growing at one of the highest speed and keeping vital parameters in check. Also the Indias policy is of inclusive growth, and now even lower class is enjoying fruits of implementation of new economic policies rolled out in 1991 by trickledown effect. Thus economic policies of India are better than that of China, Japan or USA.

Coaching in the Workplace

DEVELOPING COACHING SKILLS FOR THE WORKPLACE ACTIVITY 1 Introduction In this report I bequeath describe two oddballs of trailing and how train can be directive and non-directive. Also, I will explain two differences mingled with teach and otherwise learning and development methods. I will identify 3 benefits of coaching to the organization and an explanation of 3 ways that coaching can be use to meet organization objectives. Moreover, I will explain the meaning of coaching culture and therefore 2 options for developing it within an organization.And in conclusion, I will identify 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of developing in home base coaching. 2 types of coaching * Sports Coaching This is what many people think of when they hear the intelligence information coach. A player is helped to develop their skills by a coach. On the other hand, the term sports coach encompasses a wide range of roles and approaches, from the football autobus on the touchline, by means of one-to -one coaches for athletes and players, to specialist coaches for fitness and health.There are also coaches who focus on the mental game, helping sports players fine-tune their psychological readying for high-pressure events. * Executive coaching is a form of agate line coaching which is typically aimed at developing senior managers, directors and key players within a business set. It may enhance current performance, taking skills and abilities to a new level and help individuals adapt to new situations or it may address poor performance. This type of coaching may also be termed Leadership Coaching or Performance Coaching as it tends to target the same audience and similar issues.How coaching can be directive and non directive? 1. Directive Is where the coach offers you solutions, tools and techniques for moving forward. You may like to be offered solutions however the danger is that the solution may non be appropriate for your situation and consequently may not feel fully commit ted to the solution provided. 2. Non-Directive Is coaching in the true sense of the word where the coach simply asks you questions to allow you to find your own solutions. A on-directive coach will certainly not offer you advice and rarely even give you suggestions, although through skillful questioning they will help you to see your situation from a different perspective, gain clarity, uncover options, challenge inconsistencies and hold you accountable to your actions. 2 differences between coaching and other learning and development methods Other learning and development method chosen has been counseling that it means to give advice to nighone. Its a procedure in which a person is helped to explore the situation and find solution or answers for a problem.Therefore, counseling can be used to address psychosocial as performance issues and coaching does not seek to resolve any underlying psychological problems. It assumes a person does not require a psycho-social intervention. By c ounseling, the finish is to help people understand the root causes of long-standing performance problems and issues at work and by coaching, the goal is to improve an individuals performance at work. 3 benefits of coaching * Greater aware about the company objectives * Better communication within teamwork Gives the purpose and vision to go ahead to the good way 3 ways that coaching can be used to meet organizational objectives * An improvement of the personal performance improves organizational performance with an increase of benefits * Improved hybridizing functional interaction and efficiency. People do business with people and that means a better result of sales. * Greater efficiency through less galling relationships and sulking and that improves staff retention and a creation of a great place to work. Many people would like to work to the company.Coaching Culture * Its an organizational setting in which not only formal coaching occurs, but also, most or a large segment of in dividuals in the organization practice coaching behaviors a means of relating to, supporting and influencing each other 2 options for developing a coaching culture within an organization * Training and developing house coaching deliver training entirely in house or through fund payment of a consultant to deliver training to some employees as coaches. Basically its the internal coaching creates and designed in the company. Buying in coaching expertise deliver coaching through extraneous coaches experts and independents of the company. 3 advantages of developing in house coaching * Cost and available resources (cheaper) * Knowledge of business and industry (vision of the company goals, about whats going on) * move be flexible (any moment and any situation) 3 disadvantages of developing in house coaching * Confidentiality (without prejudice to the good faith contract of the company) * Willingness to open up (no feel comfortable) * Qualifications and experience (risk bad coaching habit s)

A Year Round Education and Staff Burnout

As our population increases, initiates ar being faced with the problems of overcrowding and under funding. Many groom districts are proposing a grade round education program. I feel that form round education is only a quick fix for check districts d forget be harmful to teachers children and families. Over crowding in tutors is becoming a problem in almost all communities. Many take aims are building trailers and additions to accommodate a higher capacity. Some districts are proposing building new schools. This raises issues of changing boundarie bussing, and higher taxes.Some districts are proposing a multi- track year round education program. On the surface, year round education seems a logical solution to the overcrowding. Children are separated into four tracks. Each track follows a different schedule going to school for six weeks then having three weeks off. This means that there is a ays one track come forward of school. This plan increases the schools capacity by 25 %. The year round education plan ordain only temporarily save taxpayers money. Schools were not made to be year round facilities, many schools are no even air conditioned.Maintenance and janitorial staff volition need to be hired full clock quantify year round. They ll give to put in over time to get projects done and larger projects will need to be contracted out. The additional greet for transportation, utilities, support staff, ect, may not be worth the inconvenience. Not to mention the extra wear that a school ill take by having children in it year round. In the tenacious run, maintaining a school for a full year may prove to be more costly. Staff burnout is an different fix with year round education. Teachers will no longer be fit to supplement their income during the summer with seasonal jobs.In some plans teachers will be able to either take the breaks with the children or act as a s stitute for the tracks who are in school. If the teachers choose to substitute they will miss out on their breaks, leaving little time for planning and relaxation. Teachers will miss out on programs to further their education, thus stunting their prof Administrators get a worse deal. They are now responsible for four mini schools and school is always in session so getting away is sometimes hard. Some plans furnish to hire a second principal justified by the increased population.Another expense i rred by the year round education plan. year round education may affect the quality of education for some children. Teachers with more education, credentials, and tenure will opt for the pet track. Children on the less preferred track will get a different quality of education. Good t chers in general may prefer schools who have the traditional school year. The year round education plan also takes a toll on the family time in many ways. In some plans dickens children from the same family may not be on the same track and therefore do not have the same breaks.Scheduling t ime for family outings will be harder One child will always have to mind a bedtime. Taking family vacations is impossible unless one child is taken out of school. Non custodial parents will also have a problem spending their time with their children. Now most active non-custodial parents take their children for a large portion of the Summer break. This time spent with the non-custodial parent gives the child a ense of living with that parent. This arrangement will no longer be a reality. Extended time with the non-custodial parent will hardly be possible unless again one child is taken out of school.I believe this will also cause many divorce parents t eturn to court to revise their decrees, another cost to taxpayers and parents. Year round education may also put a financial strain on working parents. Many parents rely on older siblings to watch younger siblings during school breaks. If the school calendars dont coincide parents will usually have to pay for alternate care. Some exp erts think that a year round education will be beneficial to children because they will not have the long break where knowledge is lost.They are concerned with the information that is lost. I believe that information will be lost anyway if a ild is not actually interested. School is a place to learn how to learn and to learn the foundations of the world around. College is the place where the information type of learning should take place. Retention is always a concern with any break, b studies show that learning loss begins to occur during the first two to three weeks. By having more breaks during the year we may take on more learning is lost. The never ending school year can be very stressful for a child.With a multi- track system playmates will have different breaks causing children to envy different schedules and be unhappy with their own. Children will miss out on events or have to de with the anticipation of school the next twenty-four hour period. With a three week break ch ildren barely get to relax before having to prepare for school starting again. For children who do not peculiarly enjoy school this can be a extremely stressful because there i not a long enough break to issue themselves in something that they enjoy. Extra curricular activities will also be effected. Students may have to attend practices and meetings on their off weeks.They will risk missing out on the team activities, pep rallies, and major events. It is impossible to schedule four separate da es, science fairs, and homecoming games. School will never check so students will not get the break that they deserve. The programs themselves will get a lower turnout. I believe that less popular clubs and organizations will last be gone. Someone posed a the question that if year round education was the traditional school calendar, and a new calendar was proposed where children were only ameliorate for nine months each year would the American public even consider it?My answer is, ye The idea of year-round schooling goes back to the seventeenth century. It is actually two hundred years older that the traditional school year. The oldest year round school today is only thirty years old. This means that all other schools once opted I think back to my own Summer vacations. The first two weeks were always spent winding down from the long school year. and so we began to venture out and embark on new adventures. I can remember long bike rides and mapping out new spots to explore, ea day getting farther in to some sort of quest.Sleepovers every other day at each others house with my next admission neighbor. When I was a child we stayed with my father in Chicago for six weeks of the Summer. That was an experience I would never relin ish. Over the Summer my family took vacations. We went canoeing in the boundary amnionic fluid of Canada and drove cross country on a whim without the anticipation of getting ready for school. School plays the role of teaching children how to learn. Summer break is a chance to apply what they have learned and enrich their lives with personal experience.Switching to a year round education plan will be detrimental to our childrens problem s ving skills, creativity, and happiness. Overall, I believe that there are too many downfalls and not enough benefits to switching to year round education. turn of events to year round education as a solution to over crowding in schools would only be a temporary solution. A year round education wo d put too much stress on our children, families, faculty, and community. We should learn from the past and leave the traditional school year in tact.

Multitasking article review

In Douglas Merrills Forbes article titled Why Multitasking Doesnt Work, the contributing author makes various statements on the scenario-based appropriateness of multitasking. It is the opinion of the author that multitasking during simple, menial tasks such(prenominal) as folding clothes and speaking on the phone does non require a high order of mental capacity to execute in that respectfore, it is pleasing to multicast when engaging in these activities.On the flip side, the author argues that hen tasks require brain engage and the goal is for long term memory capture, then multitasking does not digest short term memory to engage and therefore has no opportunity to commit to long term memory. The author also recounted a story of piece of music employed at Google, many breakers employed laptops during meetings to accomplish other body of work tasks during meeting times. This slowly led to the realization that those on their laptops diminished the effectiveness of the meetings due to lack of attention and engagement.Soon the company began a strategy of laptop free tenting zones. The authors ultimate message is that multitasking is not conducive to a successful work environment and has many potential dangers. I tend to agree with the author. Although I am not absent from engaging in multitasking in the work turn out, I abide say that my quality of work and the confidence in my work increases dramatically when I am allowed the luxury of thinked time and effort. It is clear that Google identified that multitasking was a hindrance to the success of business, at least as it pertains to meetings.The article did not offer rather support even though Google did change the work place rules to address this issue. While the article does remain tacit on other multitasking observances and also states that only a portion of meetings were deemed laptop free, the reader cannot assume all way that Google expects or categorically prohibits multitasking in the workplace. In Christine Roses The New Atlantis article titled The Myth of Multitasking, the author commits to a compelling argument against multitasking mostly support by clinical research and cultural upholdences.Her article begins with a Lord in the sasss offering advice via a letter to his son. The letter extols the virtue of the ability to focus and is the true mark of intelligence. The author then offers clinical information through functional MR. scans that details the fundamental flaws in learning through multitasking by noting the do of certain portions of the brain. Throughout the article, Rosen refers to multitasking as a sort of Adult Attention Disorder. She draws on work completed by DRP.Edward Hallowed who coined the affects of multitasking as Attention shortfall Trait (ADD) and further describes ADD as purely a response to the hyperkinetic environment in which we live. Rosen concludes the article with a question. Will humans evidently adapt to the reality of multitasking by m aking it a part of our daily lives despite the repercussions? If so, humans may reap the rewards of information but may not realize the related wisdom. I also agree with this author. Her argument is clear and supported culturally and scientifically. Her logical discussion of the effects of multitasking are reasonable and ell situated out.The author indicates that the work environment has changed by humans willingly adapting a less than favorable learning environment that may cost businesses through alienated productivity. Through the authors argument, I believe that she is implying that it is a general expectation from managers that multitasking is to be utilized to accomplish work tasks. I have many years of work experience and school under my belt. My experience with multitasking has been variable. At times, I am highly effective multitasking when the task is transactional.I can switch back and forth amid many tasks with little consequence. However when high order thinking is required, I. E. Analyzing data, creating presentations, reading course materials, etc. , I find I am much to a greater extent successful when I am afforded the opportunity to focus one task and then move on to the next. Sometimes after significant effort, I may switch work/school topics to give my mind a rest and pick up on another topic, but I would hardly refer to this as multitasking but rather strategic maidenhair. When I am required to multicast at work, I do find it rather stressful.My capacities to think clearly, mitigate issues, and communicate effectively are greatly reduced. I oftentimes find myself mentally frustrated after long periods of multitasking and my ability to pivot to other tasks is greatly diminished. At times, this has had a serious, negative impact on my work performance. For instance, once I was juggling so many tasks that when a superior had a time-sensitive data pick up I forgot to record the need and subsequently did not provide the data. I did not eve n occur to me by day end that I had not accomplished this task.The next day, my superior angrily appeared at my desk telling me to forget the data request since a meeting to discuss the data had already taken place. I obviously felt disappointed in myself and apologized to the superior. The most critical thing a supervisor can do to lead and manage employees in a multitasking environment is to teach employees how to prioritize and give them the latitude to push back on requests and clarify timeliness. If an employee can effectively prioritize his/her workload, then there may be a less of a need for a litigating approach as the employee tackles a task at a time in order of their importance.

Modern US history

As an intellectual enterprise, contemporary social sciences ar replete with claims of social collapse. Over the utmost(a) 20 years, scholars have proclaimed the end of history, the end of politics, the end of work, the end of the family, the end of liberalism, the end of medicine, the end of ideology, the end of individualism. There is little doubt that we are experiencing massive social counterchange. As we are approaching the years end, something naked is emerging, helter-skelter, in our midst that bears little resemblance to any existing political, theological, or sociological model of how the world is supposed to work.The social shifts are sufficiently different in character to have produced a new social form, integrity suitably widespread and anchored to become visible. This claim of a new social form lies at the heart of the postmodern contention that we have entered an era of ambiguity, and we deliberate that postmodernists advance this claim in a way that sociologist rearnot ignore. While they are right on target in capturing the spirit of rapid social change that characterizes the present era, their embrace of the resulting chaos as a new social form is misguided they mistake an era of societal transition for a new enduring social structure or even a hybrid of modern society.In historical perspective, what we are now experiencing bears a striking likeness to the place on the cultural and historical map that created sociology at the end of the last century. Rising suicide rates, the growing prominence of Protestant countries and the subsequent expiry of Catholicisms hold on the Western world, and the movement from agricultural to industrial production all have their parallels in the current social era. kind of than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and mistaking it for what modern society would be. One of the major tasks of sociology at the originate of this year is to struggle to understand the new institutional and personal structures that characterize contemporary social forms and not abdicate to other disciplines the task of making sense of emergent societal transitions and structures.A widespread picture seems to be emerging that the U.S. economy is in the throes of a fundamental transformation. The true enthusiasts treat the new economy as a fundamental industrial whirling as great or greater in importance than the concurrence of inventions, particularly electricity and the internal combustion engine, which transformed the world at the turn of the year.There is no dispute that the U.S. economy is awash in computer investment that productivity has revived. Economists have long been ambivalent about what social interactions catch up with the proper domain of the discipline. The narrower view has been that economics is primarily the study of markets, a circumscribed class of institutions in which persons interact through an anonymous process of footing formation.Throughout much of the twentieth ce ntury, mainstream economics traded breadth for rigor. In the first half of the century, institutional economics, which thought broadly but loosely about social interactions, gradually gave way to the neo simple theory of general competitive markets. A pivotal development was the transformation of labor economics from a field narrowly concerned with work for pay into one broadly concerned with the production and distributional decisions of families and households.The important development was the emergence in macroeconomics of endogenous growth theory. Whereas classical growth theory assumed that the production technology available to an economy is exogenous, endogenous growth theory supposes that todays technology may see have been influenced by the past output of the economy. The broadening of economic theory has coincided with new empirical research by economists on social interactions. Unfortunately, the empirical writings has not shown much progress. Economics has sufficed wit h a remarkably small set of basic concepts preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium.Widespread literacy is alleged to be indispensable to popular government. Dramatic changes in communication technologies which are said to affect exposure to traditional print media-we need to look afresh at readings political impact. study to read is a political act. Inability to read limits an individuals participation in community life. It was probably for this reason that slaves in the antebellum southward were kept illiterate. Even today, a connection between literacy and citizenship exists in evidence showing that persons who read are more likely than those who do not severalize with larger political communities.American people are haunted by Old World hegemonies and hence are committed to individualism and modernism for philosophic and practical reasons. American people are a restless and contentious lot producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes about most social issues. The Ameri can people can be found in the election turnout figures and in gross economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than that they are also the meanings of their behaviors. embossed on a diet of political supremacy and technocratic invincibility, the American people were shaken to the core by 9/11. Shortly thereafter, a number of bromides caught the guinea pig ear America has lost its innocence forever, this is the first war of the twenty-first century, the U.S. just joined the world of nations. At some point, history may tell these claims true. But 9/111 has already shown something more heartening the functionality of a longstanding communal discourse. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and impossible overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can prove sustaining to a people is a curious fact-an American fact.ReferenceZinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States. Available on-linehttp//www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistor y.html.

The Fourth Amendment

Abstract This paper will investigate the twenty-five percent amendment, unlawful front and exaltation, and will explain what is considered to be unlawful and what is non. This paper will besides hash out the right of solitude that Ameri cig bets are entitled to as citizens of the United States. Events that have marked history in regards to the fourthly amendment will also be explored, explaining the nature of explorees and the key components that coincide. The court ruling in the past case of Arizona vs. Gant will be explored in contingent.This court case objurgate out to establish what was actu eachy considered unlawful, and what guidelines must be followed to be considered lawful. The case suggests that be former of presumptive case that a search would and so in fact be lawful. But in this case it is discussed that raze when equi presumptive ca drop is present, on that point is still factors that must be considered. Unlawful Search and Seizure Imagine being pulle d over eon campaign on a hang license you are handcuffed, and placed in the backseat of a squad car, while the ships officer searches your car, without your consent.There you are sweating profusely, nervous of what whitethorn and will be found, and then it is found, in the glove box a gun and drugs. What should be said in defense? What should be through with(p)? Was this in fact a situation where unlawful search and seizure had taken place? Did this go against your constitutional rights as a citizen? There was no consent, plainly in that location was probable cause because of the suspended license. Imagine driving with friends and you are speeding. You are then pulled over, the officer smells marijuana, and go over everyone inside of the vehicle.He then returns to the vehicle, and searches it purpose cocaine in a jacket coat pocket. Was this too an act of unlawful search and seizure? Did this go against your reasonable mentality of secrecy? The Bill of Rights many of us may struggle when it comes to friendship about laws, and our constitutional rights as citizens. We want to protect ourselves from situations that may be unconstitutional, but may not be aware of our rights when unconstitutional behavior occurs. When The U. S.Constitution was ratified in 1788 and 1799 there were not many laws set in place in regards to the bend justice system. The poop Amendment was adopted as a reaction to the abusive search and seizure practices used by the British government during the American colonial period. The colonists were in particular concerned about broad, particularized searches performed under(a) the spot of general authorizations. General patterns authorized searches for psyches or paper not named specifically in the warrant (Josephson, 1996). The U. S.Constitution did not set forth the rights of individuals in enough detail so ten amendments were added in 1791, and were called the Bill of Rights (Cole & Smith, 2011). According to Cole and Smith (2011), The Bill of Rights are the offset ten amendments that were added to the U. S. Constitution to provide specific rights for individuals, including criminal justice rights concerning searches, trials, and punishments. Unlawful search and seizure is the fourth amendment, which is a part of the first ten amendments. Unlawful Search and SeizureThe quaternary Amendment states the right of the people to be hard in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath and affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be repeatd (Cole & Smith, 2011). Unlawful search and seizure was made to limit the capability of law enforcement officers to search a person or billet in order to pose say.It is believed that law enforcement should not be able to pursue criminals at all cost. A search is a court docum ent that gives law enforcement the authority to examine and hunt for try out in or on a person or place in a direction that intrudes on reasonable foresights of privacy (Cole & Smith, 2011). The reasonable expectation of privacy, that was developed by the courts, is normally from the government but if there is probable cause law enforcement can receive an search warrant from a say and search wherever the warrant states.A seizure is a situation in which natural law officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be unreasonable fit in to the Fourth Amendment (Cole & Smith, 2011). All types of things can be seized such as a persons freedom, which is also called an kibosh, and also even property. Law enforcement must ensure that there is probable cause because if not that is an encroachment of that persons right. Being unconstitutional can lead to fines, and law enforcement officers even losing their jobs, depending on the cogency of the situation.Requirements of the Fourth Amendment There are fatalitys that law enforcement are expected to be knowledgeable of and have to follow, even while trying to catch criminals. The use upments are probable cause, affidavit, and describing the place being searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Cole & Smith, 2011). likely cause is the amount of reliable information indicating that it is more(prenominal) likely than not that deduction will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is sheepish of a crime (Cole & Smith, 2011).In order for search and seizure to take place there has to be probable cause. Affidavit is a written statement, which is supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant. The place or person to be searched or seized has to be described in detail to help establish if probable cause is reasonable. There are however, exceptions to the pro bable cause and warrant requirements.Some exceptions are investigatory detentions, warrantless arrest, searches haps to a valid arrest, seizures of items in plain view, exigent circumstances, consent searches, vehicle searches, container searches, coast searches, searchers at sea, administrative searches, and searches in which the special needs of law enforcement make the probable cause requirement impractical (Calsyn et al. , 1998). A warrantless search can be conducted if law enforcement believes that the inference is imminent danger of being moved or destroyed.Also if there is belief that law enforcement may be in danger they may enter a dwelling and conduct a full warrantless search (Calsyn et al. , 1998). The Fourth Amendment does not require law enforcement to have a warrant when searching vehicles when they have probable cause. The automobile exception to the warrant requirement stems from both the inherent mobility of vehicles, which often creates exigent circumstances th at make obtaining a warrant impractical, and the concentrate expectation of privacy receivable to configuration, use, and regulation of automobiles (Calsyn et al. 1998). In certain circumstances, law enforcement officers may lawfully arrest persons without an arrest warrant. Such arrests are permitted for any offense committed by the arrestee in the presence of a law enforcement officer and for any felony that an officer has probable cause to believe the arrestee has committed. After making a warrantless arrest, an officer must promptly secure a judicial determination of probable cause. The probable cause required to make a lawful warrantless arrest is identical to the probable cause required to secure an arrest warrant (Calsyn et al. 1998). According to Nolo (2012), the fourth amendment only applies to a search if a person has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or thing searched. If not, the Fourth Amendment offers no protective covering because there are, by defini tion, no privacy issues. For example, when the police look for and find a weapon on the front seat of a car, it is not considered a search under the fourth amendment because it is very improbable that the person would think that the front seat of the car is a private place and expectation of privacy is unlikely.Even if the individual did, society is not unforced to extend the protections of privacy to that particular location. On the opposing side, a person who uses a public restroom expects not to be spied upon and most people, including judges and juries would consider that expectation of privacy to be reasonable Therefore, the installation of a hidden video camera by the police in a public restroom will be considered a search and would be undetermined to the fourth amendments requirement of reasonableness. However, the fourth amendment does permit searches and seizures that are considered reasonable.In practice, this means that the police may override your privacy concerns an d conduct a search of you, your home, barn, car, boat, office, personal or business documents, bank account records, trash barrel, or whatever, if the police have probable cause to believe they can find evidence that you committed a crime, and a judge issues a search warrant, or the particular circumstances justify the search without a warrant first being issued (Nolo 2012). The tyrannical Court has noticed that warrantless police conduct may come with the Fourth Amendment so long as it is reasonable under the circumstances.The exceptions made to the Fourth Amendments warrant requirement reflect the Courts reluctance to unduly impede the job of law enforcement officials. The Court has attempted to strike a balance between the practical realities of daily police work and the privacy and freedom interests of the public (FindLaw 2012). A warrant is a document issued by the courts allowing law enforcement to search your private property. All that is needed to obtain a warrant is prob able cause, meaning there must be sufficient reason base upon known facts to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with a crime.Also, as explained by The Lecture Law Library (1995-2012), the fourth amendment provides no protection for what a person knowingly exposes to the public. For instance a mans facial characteristics, or handwriting, his voice is repeatedly produced for others to hear. No person can have a reasonable expectation that others will not know the sound of his voice, any more than he can reasonably expect that his face will be a mystery to the world. These are simply a fraction of the examples as to when the fourth amendment of unlawful search and seizure does not apply.Courts use a two-part test established by the U. S. Supreme Court to determine whether, at the time of the search, a defendant had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or things searched. Evaluating whether or not the person actually expected some degr ee of privacy and if the persons expectation is one that society is willing to recognize? Also, if upon review, a court finds that an unreasonable search occurred, any evidence seized as a vector sum of the search cannot be used as direct evidence against the defendant in a criminal prosecution, state or federal. This rule, established by the U. S.Supreme Court in 1961, has come to be known as the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution. Many commentators criticize the exclusionary rule on the ground that it unfairly lets the criminal go free simply due to error. Adversely, the rules supporters argue that excluding illegally seized evidence is necessary to deter police from conducting illegal searches. According to this deterrence argument, the police wont conduct improper searches if the resulting evidence cant be used to convict the defendant.In addition to being excluded as evidence against the defendant, evidence resulting from an illegal search may not be used to discover other evidence, under a legal rule colorfully known as the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. The tree is the evidence that the police illegally seize in the first place the fruit is the second-generation product of the illegally seized evidence both tree and fruit are inadmissible at trial (Nolo 2012). Moreover, when the fourth amendment is broken there are consequences that are handled by the courts. The Knock-and-Announce RequirementThis requirement is meant to protect the security, privacy, and property interest of people in their homes (Josephson, 1996). The knock-and-announce rule requires that police officers give notion of both their authority and purpose to the occupants of a residence to be searched. earlier breaking and entering the premises to search, officers must also give the occupants a reasonable opportunity to voluntarily allow the police to enter (Josephson, 1 996). This rule has to be follow even if officers do have a warrant. This rule also serves for protection for the officers that are entering a home owner home.Citizens have an expectation to privacy and with this rule it allows the occupants to give consent to enter. Arizona v. Gant This case was taken all the way to the U. S. Supreme Court, and is used as a guideline for what is considered constitutional in regards to Unlawful Search and Seizure. The facts of the case states that Gant was arrested for driving with a suspended license. He then was handcuffed and placed in the backseat of an officer car. While under arrest the officers searches his car. The officers find cocaine in a jacket pocket (The Daily Record, 2009, p. 1).Gants motion to knock off the evidence was denied and he was convicted of drug charges. Reversing, the State Supreme Court distinguished New York v. Belton, which held that police may search the passenger compartment of a vehicle and any containers therein as a contemporaneous misfortune of recent occupants lawful arrest on grounds that it concerned the scope of a search incident to arrest but did not answer the question whether officers may conduct such a search once the scene has been secured (Justia. com, 2009). One major concern was of the officers safety if the occupant was allowed to be in spite of appearance the reach of the area being searched.This could be absolutely dangers for the officer and could endanger the public. Under the Gant ruling, if an officer wishes to search the vehicle of an arrested suspect, he or she may delay handcuffing the suspect until after the search is contend (NJ. com, 2009). This allows the occupant to be able to access his car while being searched. Conclusion The Fourth Amendment is the primary, necessary limit on the power of governments in the U. S. to inquire into peoples lives, arrest them, and take their property. It is also what prevents governments and their agents from invading citizens privacy.In a society that both deplores crime and values liberty, there will always be a tenseness between law enforcement interests and the privacy of individuals. The tools and system of the fourth amendment are as followed Is it governmental conduct? Does the defendant have a legitimate expectation of privacy? Will society protect the defendants expectation as objectively reasonable? And was a warrant issued? If any of the stated reason at heart the system of unlawful search and seizure hold true then there I no violation of the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment to the U. S. onstitution places limits on the power of the police to make arrests, search people and their property, and seize objects and contraband, such as illegal drugs or weapons. The amendment of unlawful search and seizure is one of ten amendments within The Bill of Rights and reads as follows The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches an d seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Nolo 2012). ReferencesArizona v. Gant. (2009). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http//supreme. justia. com/cases/federal/us/556/07-542/ Calsyn, J. D. , Hale, B. C. , Kranz, H. , Grossman, M. R. , & Kim, N. E. (1998). Warrantless searches and seizures. Georgetown Law Journal, 86, 1214-1288. Cole, G. F. , & Smith C. E. , (2011) Criminal Justice (6th ed. ). Belmont, California Wadsworth. Josephson, M. (1996). Fourth amendmentmust police knock and announce themselves before e. g. Microsoft Corporation (1995-2012). The Fourth Amendment U. S. Constitution. ONLINE Available at http//www. lectlaw. com/def/f081. htm. (2012). The Fourth Amendment

Book fair Essay

A script comme il faut is a good for selling and displaying books on several(a) subjects. A book seemly is usually arranged on the important days of a year. As 21st February is our Mother Language Day, the book fair named Ekushey Boi Mela is held in Bangla Academy on February is the most important and popular book fair of our country. The book fair of 21st February takes place in Bangla Academy nether open sky. There are many stalls and pavilions in the fair of different publishers.Ina book fair huge follows of books are found. Almost all the save uprs of our country wait for this fair to release their books. Thousands of books release in this book fair of 21st February and millions of books get published. Many new writers write books and publish them in this fair. Thousand of book lovers come to visit the fair and buy books. The security of the fair is always very tight for the safety of the visitor including close circuit cameras and many police officers. pot stand in long lines to enterthe fair. All sorts of books such as books on literature, fictions, novels, dramas, science, medicine, religion, philosophy and so on are brought for display and sell in the fair. Besides bookstalls there are a number of canteens found in the book fair. There are also arrangements for songs and dance to entertain the visitors of the fair. Writers, poets and publishers visit the fair regularly. They speak with the visitors, listen to the problems they are having in the fair and signbooks for them. Book is the source of knowledge.A book fair is a place where we can get thousand of types of books. There are a well-nigh problems in a book fair like too much dust, pollution, lack of rules and regulations and sometimes some unpleasant incidents take for the evil motive of the miscreants. So, the complete interest for the fair is often marred. Despite these piffling untoward events a book fair is really important for the enlightened section of people.

Chivalry Codes

Is chivalry dead? Chivalry is a combinations of qualities expected from an ideal dub, in the contemporary propagation. Some ideas of chivalry include courage, honesty, loyalty, courtesy, and truth. Chivalry was the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct, if you were a knight you were expected to follow these rules. But not all knights in the seventeenth century followed these rules honestly or courageously. Some knights dishonored the code, putting their pride above the people they were supposed to serve.If there were dishonest knights in the contemporary times, chivalry in the modern world is indefinitely dead. Generations of dishonesty of corrupted knights from the contemporary times to modern caused the neglection of dauntless duties to collapse. The nature of these fraudulent knights is to put themselves above others, their character influence the young and in store(predicate) knights to be. When Wictred fought with Prince Tristan in the literary work, Tristan & Isolde, his true corrupted side showed as he cheated to defeat the prince. According to the chivalric code, honesty was absent, which shows lost of chivalric regards.Wictreds way of play reflected off of the younger beings who probably lead mock his way of traits and qualities, which begin the chain of deceitful knights and people, each losing more chivalric manners on the way. As more degraded knights ascend the line of modern time, they carry a burden on their shoulders, which is symbolized by chivalry. As careless features begin to arise within the generations of knights, the fewer burdens they want on their shoulders. As time passes on, chivalric codes are decreasing, and soon, dropped forever.

Martin Luther on Marriage Essay

Martin Luther intelligibly states that in the beginning, paragon created male and female, blessed them, and told them to be fruitful and multiply . fit to Martin Luther, in crop for this ordinance to be fulfilled, soldiery and muliebrity must come to set downher in espousal as husband and married woman. It is not deep down the powers of a man or a woman, according to Martin Luther, to be the steering he/she is or to live with go forth a partner . Luther states that marriage is not a subject of innocent choice, exclusively alternatively a natural and important thing. The ordinance, to be fruitful and multiply, is godly and not within the powers of man to obstruct or disregard.Man and woman argon created by paragon for the sole target of multiplying, and whoever tries to resist this, lives in viciousness . Martin Luther however states that there are raft who are exempted from marriage the eunuchs . He states that unless one is a eunuch, he/she should not presume to be w ithout a partner cod to the concomitant that it is hard for one to remain righteous. He believes that marriage is something instituted by God and that all vows are hinder before Him, with the exception of any person who is a eunuch .He urges all those who choose interpreted vows to reconsider their innate companionship and get into marriage, because they are acting contrary to the will of God. Martin Luther rejects all the reasons rig by the pope in his standard law for bringing a marriage to an end or preventing it altogether. Martin Luther believes that marriage is not all about money as set by the papal authority. According to Luther, a person should not enter into marriage with her mother, sister, step-mother, step-sister, grand young woman, or aunt regardless of whether he has money or not .Martin Luther however states that one potful enter into marriage with her brothers daughter. He believes that a man should take a wife as he pleases, regardless of whether he is the s piritual overprotect, godchild, or whether the lady is a sister or a daughter of his spiritual athletic supporter or not. Martin Luther believes that an adopted child is free to marry the son or the daughter of its adoptive put up due to the fact that they have no blood relationship . He also asserts that everybody is free to get into marriage with whomever he/she pleases regardless of the religious or ethnic background of such a person.He believes that everyone is a Gods creation and should enter into marriage with whomever he/she likes. According to Martin Luther, no sin or crime should be a barrier to marriage. He argues that sins should be punished with other penalties, rather than forbidding marriage. Martin Luther also states that after the death of a spouse to be, a man or woman is free to marry any of the relational of the dead partner except for mother or daughter . Martin Luther claims that marriage as a result of coercion is not valid before the eyes of God.He however states that a man, who is in marriage as a result of coercion, should not leave her wife . He also states that if a man takes more than two girls to be his wives, without the consent of her parents, then his father should decide which of the girls is to remain as a wife. He believes that parental authority must be prize before any one enters into secret engagement. Martin Luther states that marriages are not supposed to be broken without a sound cause . He states that the only logical reasons for dissolving a marriage are criminal conversation and unfit spouse for marriage.Basing his accounts on the New Testament, Martin Luther makes it clear that no one should put as chthonian what God has joined together. According to Martin Luther, every party in marriage is supposed to fulfill the conjugal rights of the other. Basing his argument on the teachings of St Paul, he stresses that no man or woman has authority over his/her own body, but his/her partner does. Luther asserts that a divorce may be sought if one of the parties does not satisfy the conjugal rights of the other. He continues to say that if a couple obtains a divorce, they should remain as such unless they are reconcile .The contemporary church service, from this discussion, should realize that the estate of marriage has fallen into an extremely awful disgrace as Martin Luther asserts. It is high up time the church realized that a woman is not an evil existence. Women are Gods creation, and subjecting them to disrespect is blaspheming the work of God . Martin Luther states that in order that the church may carry on in light, concerning the issue of marriage, it should first hold that man and woman are the work of God, which should not be subjected to admonition .Basing his stand on the Old Testament, Martin Luther states that God knows what is good for everyone of us. It is high time therefore that the modern church leaders realized that God is the initiator of marriage. According to Martin Lu ther, God saw it was not good for man to be alone, and he created for him a companion . Modern churches, in addition to church congregations, should decide that they have no right in deterring children from marriage alluring them to nunnery and priesthood, citing the tribulations of a married life .Martin Luther states that all those who criticize or censure marriage are acting contrary to the will of God. The church, based on that fact, should be on the look out for publications which criticize marriage. Luther is greatly embittered by those who term marriage as draft joy and long-lasting bitterness. He states that to admit the estate of marriage is something quite different from merely being married . The church should learn that those who do not make out the estate of marriage can in no way continue in marriage without resentment and anguish.But, on the other hand, those who recognize the estate of marriage obtain unending pleasure, joy and delight. Basing his arguments on th e teachings of St Paul, he says that those who marry are not exempted from earthly problems, but continues to say that their spiritual delight greatly exceed their outward bitterness. The church, according to Martin Luther, should learn that no one can generate real happiness in marriage without recognizing that marriage is harming to God. The church should learn greatly from Martin Luthers assertion that he who refuses to marry will fall into sins .This is due to the fact that God created both man and woman for purposes of reproduction and multiplication. He claims that if this reproduction happens not in marriage, then it is bound to happen in covert sins and fornication . Luther claims that it is high time the church halt putting marriage so far below virginity. Luther claims that no estate should be taken as better than the estate of marriage in the sight of God . He states that those who fail to marry claiming that they are not able to support their marriage display a lack of faith in God. Yet, God has made it clear that out of our sweat shall we eat.The church should also learn that those who fail to marry out of celibacy, their vows are invalid before God unless they fall under the category of eunuchs. The Church should learn, as Luther claims, that these people are bound to commit sins due to the fact that no one has the capability of resisting Gods ordinance within him/her. The church should also learn, as Luther makes it clear, not to take money as solving to critical marriage issues. Luther states that one may marry whomever he/she likes, except for a blood relative or parents to his/her spouse, without setting up any cash for the privilege .It can therefore be reason that marriage is a good thing, for humankind, ordained from God. It is advisable for one to marry unless he falls under the category of eunuchs lest he fall into sins. The church should not set up conditions to determine the way marriage is supposed to be handled. Money and wealth s hould not be a factor to consider when acquire into marriage. Bibliography Luther, Martin. The Estate of Marriage, 1522, viewed on May 19, 2010 from http//www. warwick. ac. uk/fac/arts/History/teaching/protref/women/WR0913. htm

To what extent are humans in a technological environment free from natural selection?

Humans in technology environment are not very free from natural choice. According to Charles Darwin, natural selection acts only for the good of each organism, so since our very first benevolent ancestors had no natural defenses, they would die from what is considered today an insignifi wadt disease. It was throughout millions of years, that the human clay started to build an immunization to certain diseases and only the stronger populace were the bingles to survive and carry on that trait.Likewise, having no fur on their bodies to survive in the cold weather, they learned how to use other animals skins and how to build more or less weapons, in order to chase wild animals. Nowadays, humans mother made incredible discoveries we have created a wonderful world of technology, which leads us to make any(prenominal) enormous kick upstairs in the field of medicinal drug especially in how to treat diseases which were, at some time, considered incurable. My point is, that since we h ave made such progress in technology, I am scared that we are keeping too many people alive, including some that might not fit the environment in which they live.In addition, we are allowing some infertile people to be sick through in-vitro fertilization, when apparently they were not capable naturally. We are also letting babies survive by redemptive their lives at their birth even though they might not be perfectly healthy or other traits which could bedetrimental for the human species. But through science and the new technology, we have let these babies live and we have given them the opportunity to grow up and reproduce, transmitting their traits to other generations.Due to these facts, it is very probable that we are playacting against natural selection in human beings, ever since humans became people who hypothesize and care for one another and we have made it immoral to kill another individual or to let him die. However, we could think about another definition of natural selection, such as a life on state dies if it is not adapted to its environment and it lives if it has a niche and can reproduce in its surroundings, which is also called natural selection of the fittest.If we take the example of a fetus in his mothers womb, the body of the mother can detect some errors coming from the fetus, and it would eliminate the fetus through a miscarriage. So, in this case, natural selection does still act upon human acting within the womb of a woman, and therefore, not let a human being, which would not fit its environment, survive. For instance, we have not seen any people carrying the traits of Downs syndrome on the chromosome 14.It is likely that this defect happened before but only inside a womans body which eliminated the mistake through a miscarriage, not letting the future human sees the light. So, in this case, the fact that humans are living longer, letting them reproduce thanks to many discoveries such as in vitro fertilization, surgeries, trans plants, medication, etc. , is because we are taking into consideration that the technology is part of our environment.

The Different Sources of Law in England & Wales Essay

The Different Sources of integrityfulness in England & Wales - Essay ExampleAccording to the paper the source of legislating through which English Legal system obtains its laws and regulations is further divided into two sections including acts that ar passed by the fan tan as hearty as legislature that is delegated. Body One of the main sources through which English Law is created as good as altered is through Legislations that atomic number 18 passed by the parliament and the parliamentarians and laws that are delegated. antecedently merely common law was recognized as the basis of English Law, but with the changes in situations and collectable to need for change law that is enacted through legislation was adopted and is now considered as the most epoch-making source of English Law. Laws that are created through legislation are enforceable and the citizens of the region have to follow these laws. The source through which English Legislation has been created and is altere d is recognized as the Act of Parliament is regarded as superior to all laws and is created while giving importance to the theory of sovereignty of the parliament.From this paper it is clear that the control to make laws is delegated to a received body that can only create regulations that are created in consent with the restrictions that are created through a parent act passed by the parliament. Such legislations are regarded as conceal virus which means these laws are to be created with the powers that have been delegated. The legislation that is enacted by the parliament can only be subjected to interpretation that is statutory in nature, while those laws that are created under delegated legislation can be tested for being unreasonable and unfair and can even be regarded as ultea virus which denotes that certain law have been created outside the authority that has been delegated. These laws are further divided into three types including orders in council that are created when the region is experiencing emergency situations, ministerial regulations which are created under those acts that are passed by the parliament and by laws that are created by the local level of authorities. The second main source of English law is common law which is even regarded as precedent in English Law and is rules and regulations that are decided as well as created by judges through the decisions they take within courts and other settings of dispute resolution such(prenominal) as tribunals. The main feature of common law is situated in the marge itself as the term common law denotes that these laws are created through the common sense of the judges. In the region of England as well as Wales, laws are not only created within the parliament, they are even developed through previous(prenominal) decisions that have been held by the judicial system.

How can Coca Cola further increase their customer base in reference to Case Study - 2

How can Coca cola further increase their customer base in reference to merchandising strategies - Case Study poserThe family has a subsidiary employee basis of 30,000 people globally. 70% of its sales volume and 80% of the company profits are from outside (Adcock 23).First, we need to commend how the company has handled its mark. Looking briefly at branding since it is the focal of customer base sentiments, it is an effort to tie together, produce and have authority and control of the applicable associations so that the business performs better. Coca-cola has enormously benefited since they have successfully managed to create a brand which presents the company as being highly distinctive, very exciting and absolutely reliable with superb adverts. Even though its unattainable to have full influence over a brand due to outside influences, wise engagement of design, advertising, marketing, service proposition and corporate culture among others can all really help in generating as sociations in peoples minds that benefit the company as an organization. The audiences, competitors, delivery and service aspects of branding may disagree in different industry sectors but the chief(prenominal) principle of being transparent about what you patronage for always applies (Dev & Don 12).To get started on how to increase customer base in reference to marketing strategies, market research should be undertaken. This is to know what Coca-cola offers both tangible and intangible elements. Finding out the main upcoming competitors by looking in places such as retail outlet shelves especially major(ip) supermarkets is also important. There is also need to know your customers this is by doing a profile of your typical customers. other great move which coca-cola is fully incorporating is increasing market share and reinforcing the existing customer base. In ambitious economic conditions, Coca-cola has managed to prove that tough times can indeed be good times for